Invited Review Articles
Mechanism of Dialysis-induced Hypotension
KENJI MAEDA, TAKAHIRO SHINZATO, SHIGERU NAKAI, ICHIRO TAKAI
and HIROYUKI KOBAYAKAWA
pg(s) 1 - 10
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Dialysis-induced hypotension, the sharp decrease in blood pressure occurring during hemodialysis, remains
one of the most difficult problems associated with hemodialysis even today. However, there is yet no
established theory to explain the mechanism triggering dialysis-induced hypotension.
This review attempts to offer a consistent and cohesive source of information on the hemodynamics during
dialysis-induced hypotension, and then analyzes etiologic factors in such hypotension reported by various
investigators. Finally, three hypotheses concerning the mechanism of dialysis-induced hypotension including
our own are introduced.
Regulatory Role of Heat Shock
Protein-specific T Cells
in Host Defense
YASUNOBU YOSHIKAI
pg(s) 11 - 26
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During infection with L.monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacteria, TcR γ/δ T cells specific for
65 kd hsp precede TcR α/β T cells specific for the listerial antigens in appearance. The γ/δ T cells provide
a first line of defense against the infection by recognizing exogenous and endogenous 65 kd hsp on infected
cells and producing cytokines such as γIFN. The hsp-specific T cells respond quickly to antigenically diverse
pathogens before antigen-specific T cells expand clonally, and they playa role in covering the gap between
the phagocytic system and highly evolved immune response. 65 kd hsp-specific T cells play important roles
not only in host defense mechanism against infection with various pathogens but also in induction of autoimmune
disease. Both 65 kd hsp-specific γδ T cells and 65 kd hsp-specific αβ T cells abrogate the unresponsiveness
of the self-reactive αβ T cells and/or B cells by producing IL-2 and contribute to induction of
autoimmune disease.
Invited Article
Progression of Avascular Necrosis
of Femoral Head and
Choice of Treatment
HISASHI IWATA, YUKIHARU HASEGAWA, MASANORI MIZUNO, EIICHI GENDA,
YUJI KATAOKA and AKIHIDE KADA
pg(s) 27 - 39
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Observations of the disease course mainly by X-ray were made in 52 patients (85 joints) with avascular
necrosis of the femoral head to determine the prognosis and to decide on treatment. The progression of the
necrotic area is related to the activity of the original disease, to the size of the necrotic area in the early
stages of the disease, and to whether or not the patient received steroid treatment. On the basis of the size
and location of the necrotic area, the disease process is divided into four stages, I to IV. The affected heads
are also classified into six types according to their site and extent, the degree of flatness of their weightbearing
surface, and the presence of cystic lesion. Preventive treatment and conservative observation or transtrochanteric
anterior rotational osteotomy and vascularized pedicle bone graft are applicable to cases in Stages I
and II. Total hip joint arthroplasties and salvage procedures are performed in Stages III and IV. The usefulness
of 99mTc bone scintigraphy was unexpectedly disappointing for diagnosis of the stages of the disease.
However, MRI was sensitive for the diagnosis in the early stages of the disease.
Original Papers
Isolation and Some Biochemical Properties
of Porcine Pancreas Mitochondria
YUZO SAKAI, KAYO ADACHI, TETSUO HAYAKAWA and TAKASHI WAKABAYASHl
pg(s) 41 - 57
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Morphologically and functionally intact mitochondria were isolated from the porcine pancreas using a
conventional, differential centrifugation method. The homogenate of the porcine pancreas made in a medium
containing 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris-CI, pH 7.4, 0.5% bovine serum albumin and 1 mM EDTA, in
the presence or in the absence of dibucaine and trypsin inhibitor, was centrifuged for 10 min at 700xg. The
supernatant was centrifuged for 10 min at 7000xg, and the pellet was washed three times. Trypsin activity of
mitochondria isolated in the absence of dibucaine and trypsin inhibitor was as low as that of mitochondria
isolated in the presence of dibucaine and trypsin inhibitor, and a major part of the activity remained inactivated.
Phospholipase A2 activity of the former mitochondria was as low as that of the latter, and remained
unchanged up to 8-10 hr at 4°C. The presence of bovine serum albumin and EDTA in the respiration medium
was absolutely required to obtain good respiratory controls of those mitochondria. These data suggest
that well-coupled mitochondria can be obtained from the pancreas by a conventional isolation procedure
without activating the major part of trypsin.
Esophageal Stenting with a
Self-expandable Metallic Device:
A Preliminary Study
SUMIT ROY, SANJAY S. BAIJAL, TSUNEO ISHIGUCHI, MITSUHIKO HIROSE, HIROSHI FUKATSU, SHIGEKI ITOH, SADAYUKI SAKUMA and KENJI KASAI
pg(s) 59 - 66
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This study was designed to investigate the potential of the Gianturco-Rosch Z stent in the alimentary
canal, using the rabbit esophagus as the animal model. Single stents were implanted in four animals, which
were followed up for predetermined periods, lasting from 48 hours to 6 weeks. All the stents remained in
place. A florid tissue reaction was noticed, initially manifesting primarily as submucosal cellular infiltration,
and mucosal erosion. Over the ensuing six weeks, the acute changes gave way to mucosal regeneration, and
the appearance of granulation tissue in the submucosa. The stented segments remained patent, and feeding
difficulties were limited to the immediate post-procedure period. These preliminary results suggest that peristaltic
activity is no contraindication to the use of Z stents, though measures to limit the tissue response need
to be identified.
The Effect of Hypophysectomy
on Proluminal Movement of
3H-Androgens Across the
Epididymal Epithelium in the Rat
MASANORI YAMAMOTO, YOSHIKAZU TSUJI, TATSUYA NAGAI
and KOJI MIYAKE
pg(s) 67 - 76
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The effect of hypophysectomy on transepithelial movement of 3H-androgen in the rat epididymis was
examined by using in vivo micropcrifusion of 3H-tcstosterone followed by in vivo micropuncture to obtain
peritubular and intraluminal fluids. Experiments were performed on aminals without hypophysectomy or on
aminals 5-6 days after hypophysectomy and 9-10 days after hypophysectomy. Tubules were perifused with
Minimum Essential Medium containing 3H-testosterone. 14C-polyethyleneglycol was included in the perifusion
fluid as a marker for contamination of the intraluminal fluid by peritubular fluid. Radioactivity of isotopes
in the interstitial and intraluminal fluid was determined at 1 and 2 hours after perifusion and the percentage
of peritubular isotopes appearing in the intraluminal fluid was determined. A sperm concentration
microassay was performed on micropuncture samples from the epididymal tubules to assess testicular contribution
to the lumen content. Proluminal movement of 3H-androgen and intratubular sperm concentrations
in the caput epididymal tubules of rats 9-10 days after hypophysectomy were significantly decreased. Pruluminal
movement of 3H-androgen and intratubular sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymal tubules of
rats 9-10 days after hypophysectomy were significantly increased. These results suggest that proluminal androgen
movement is controlled by the presence of some testicular product in the epididymal lumen.
Remarkable Hepatic Vein-To-Vein
Anastomoses in Giant Cavernous
Hemangioma of the Liver:
A Case Report
HIROHIKO KOJIMA
pg(s) 77 - 83
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Intrahepatic venous collaterals develop in Budd-Chiari syndrome, hepatomas, and other tumors if the hepatic
veins are obstructed. In portal hypertension hepatic vein-to-vein anastomoses develop without obstruction
of the hepatic veins. In a 53-year-old woman with giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver, hepatic
venography demonstrated remarkable hepatic vein-to-vein anastomoses in the periphery of the heaptic veins
without venous obstruction, accompanied with low wedged hepatic vein pressure. The hemodynamic change
of the liver may cause this abnormality because of the large blood space of the hemangioma. Pathological
examination of the resected liver apart from the tumor confirmed numerous deformations and dilatations of
the central veins not found in the normal liver, in the area of hepatic vein-to-vein anastomoses shown by
venography. Clinically, atypical hepatic resection is possible by maintaining a drainage vein to preserve as
much of the normal liver as possible. Hepatic venography, as well as hepatic angiography, gives important
information about the liver.
Movement Study Following
Anterior Cervical
Decompression without Fusion
ABDEL WAHAB M. IBRAHIM
pg(s) 85 - 92
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Movement studies of the neck have shown that certain patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy
(CSM) demonstrate instability in the vertebral joint immediately above the posterior osteophytic bar. While
Cloward's anterior cervical decompression with fusion eliminates the cord or root compressive element, it
adds to the hypermobility of the adjoining vertebral segment. In an attempt to reduce the hypermobility or
subluxation, anterior cervical decompression without fusion was carried out on a selected group of twentythree
patients with spondylotic cervical myelopathy in whom the cord compression was mainly at a single
level. Follow-up cineradiographic studies of these cases demonstrated the continued preservation of the
range of movement of the adjoining vertebral segments and in 30%, a return of normal functional mobility
to the affected cervical intervertebral joint. The findings and results of anterior cervical decompression
surgery to a single level are reported.